Abstract The present article objective is to determine the net mass balance of the glacier Znosko for periods 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. It is situated on King George Island which belongs to the groups Shetland of the South, Antarctic Peninsula region. For this objective, during February 2018 a net of 19 stakes (which were controlled once during February 2019 and 2020) were installed on the glacier ablation zone, drilling in the accumulation zone and about flights using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to control the glacier zone and geomorphological changes. For the year 2020, it was determined a glacier area of 1.71 ± 0.02 km2, moreover, using five different methods of interpolation, it was obtained on average, as a result, a specific net balance of -590.7 ± 46.6 mm w.e (in water equivalent) for 2018-2019 and -686.7 ± 28.2 mm w.e for 2019-2020, being the ELA altitude 146.5 ± 18.2 m and 144.2 ± 8.3 m respectively. The two consecutive years represent negative net mass balances which are in accordance with other similar studies on this region, also glacier data were obtained on a zone that is characterized by its difficult access.

RESUMEN Evaluamos la variación intrapoblacional de la temperatura corporal de la lagartija mexicana Sceloporus anahuacus (Phrynosomatidae) en la Sierra del Ajusco, México. La distribución geográfica de esta lagartija se limita a las partes más altas de las montañas que bordean el sur del valle mexicano en la Ciudad de México. El estudio de la temperatura corporal de S. anahuacus y su relación con el medio ambiente es importante debido a que los taxones de alta elevación están seriamente amenazados por el cambio climático. Por esa razón, exploramos la relación de la temperatura corporal de S. anahuacus con la temperatura del aire y del sustrato, y comparamos la temperatura corporal entre sexos, clase de edad, condición reproductiva y el estado de actividad. En general, la temperatura corporal promedio fue de 26.2 ± 5.5 °C con un rango entre 9-39 °C. No encontramos diferencias entre las temperaturas corporales de machos y hembras. Sin embargo, encontramos diferencias significativas según el estado de actividad de ambos sexos. En las hembras, la temperatura corporal no varió en función de la edad o el estado reproductivo. En cambio, encontramos diferencias en la temperatura corporal entre machos de diferentes clases de edad. Los juveniles tuvieron la temperatura corporal más alta, probablemente debido a los requisitos de temperatura diferencial asociados con el desarrollo. Por otro lado, la temperatura corporal de S. anahuacus activos e inactivos estuvo fuertemente asociada con la temperatura ambiental, tal vez debido a hábitos sedentarios y comportamiento territorial. Explorar por qué existe esta variación en la regulación de la temperatura corporal puede proporcionar información sobre los factores que influyen en la supervivencia de esta lagartija endémica mexicana.

ABSTRACT We evaluated intra-population variation of body temperature of the Mexican lizard Sceloporus anahuacus (Phrynosomatidae) in Sierra del Ajusco, Mexico. The geographic distribution of this lizard is restricted to the higher parts of the mountains bordering the south of the Mexican Valley in Mexico City. The study of the body temperature of S. anahuacus and its relationship with the environment is important because high elevation taxa are seriously threatened by climate change. For that reason, and compared body temperature between sex, age class, reproductive condition and activity state. Overall, mean body temperature was 26.2 ± 5.5 °C with a range between 9-39 °C. We did not find differences between body temperatures of males and females. However, we found significant differences depending on activity state in both sexes. In females, body temperature did not vary as a function of age class or reproductive status. Instead, we found differences in body temperature between males of different age classes. Juveniles had the highest body temperature, probably due to differential temperature requirements associated with development. On the other hand, body temperature of active and inactive S. anahuacus was strongly associated with environmental temperature, perhaps due to sedentary habits and territorial behavior. Exploring why such variation exists on body temperature regulation may provide information on factors influencing the survivorship of this endemic Mexican lizard.

Early child development is a population determinant of physical, mental and social health. To know the base line situation prior to the implementation of "Chile grows with you" (Chile Crece Contigo) is key to its evaluation. Objective: To compare early child development and associated factors at baseline in pre-school children from public and private health sectors. Patients and method: The sample consisted of 1045 children aged 30-58 months, 52% male, and 671 from the public and 380 from the private sector of the metropolitan region in Chile were evaluated using Battelle Developmental Inventory-1 and a household interview of primary carer. Results: Abnormal child development was found in 14.4% of children in the private sector compared to 30.4% in the public sector. There were no differences in adaptive area (26.3% vs 29.2%), but there were statistically significant differents in cognitive (8.8% vs 12.1%), social-personal (13.2% vs 32.5%), motor (19.2% vs 35.3%), and communication (19% vs 36.8%) development. The logistic regression showed that, independent of socioeconomic level, the risk factors are: Apgar < 7 (OR: 5.4; 95% CI: 1.24-23.84); having childhood chronic diseases (OR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.11-1.42). Protective factor is: home with resources to learn and play (OR: 0.8; 95% CI: 0.76-0.89).

El desarrollo infantil temprano es un determinante de la salud física, mental y social de poblaciones. Conocer la situación de desarrollo de base, previo a la instalación de «Chile Crece Contigo», es clave para efectos de su evaluación. Objetivo: Comparar el desarrollo infantil temprano y factores asociados de preescolares del sector público y del sector privado de salud en la línea de base. Pacientes y método: Una muestra de 1.045 niños de la Región Metropolitana, de 30 a 58 meses, 52% hombres, 671 del sector público y 380 del privado de salud. Se evaluaron mediante el Inventario de Desarrollo Battelle-1 y una encuesta psicosocial en sus hogares aplicada al cuidador principal. Resultados: El 14,4% del sector privado y el 30,4% de la red pública tenían desarrollo alterado. No hubo diferencias en el área adaptativa entre ambos grupos (26,3% vs 29,2%). En las áreas cognitiva (8,8% vs 12,1%), personal-social (13,2% vs 32,5%), motriz (19,2% vs 35,3%) y comunicación (19,0% vs 36,8%) las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas. Mediante regresión logística se determinó que, independiente del nivel socioeconómico, son factores de riesgo: Apgar < 7 (OR: 5,4; IC 95%: 1,24-23,84), tener enfermedades crónicas de la infancia (OR: 1,3; IC 95%: 1,11-1,42); protector es: hogar con recursos para el aprendizaje y juego (OR: 0,8; IC 95%: 0,76-0,89). Conclusión: Estos resultados son un aporte al conocimiento de la situación del desarrollo infantil y para relevar su importancia para las políticas sociales en pediatría.

Introduction: Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a common complication of patients undergoing chemotherapy (QMT). Clinical presentation is varied, from mild fever to severe sepsis with invasive bacterial infection (IBI) or invasive fungal infection (IFI), with great impact on prognosis and patient mortality. Patients and Methods: Prospective cohort study of FN episodes in adult patients with acute leukemia (AL) or lymphoma (L), diagnosed and treated at the Hospital Clínico Universidad Católica and Hospital Dr. Sótero del Río in Santiago from April 2010 to January 2012. Results: 130 patients were included with 105 episodes of NF, with an incidence of 0.65 per 100 days of observation, higher in AL than L (1.31 vs 0.25, p = 0.001). Etiology or clinical focus was documented in 67 (63.8%) episodes, with IBI in 33 (31.4%) and IFI in 21 (20%) cases. Mortality related to infection occurred in 4 (6.2%) patients. Conclusions: This study reports that the FN incidence and frequency of IBI and IFI during episodes are higher in AL vs. L. It is necessary to evaluate the impact of interventions to reduce its incidence, including the benefit and risk of using antibacterial and antifungal prophylaxis in high-risk subgroups.

Introducción: La neutropenia febril (NF) es una complicación frecuente de pacientes sometidos a quimioterapia (QMT). Su presentación clínica es amplia, desde cuadros leves a sepsis grave con infección bacteriana invasora (IBI) o infección fúngica invasora (IFI), con gran impacto en el pronóstico y mortalidad de los pacientes. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de episodios de NF en cohorte de pacientes adultos con leucemia aguda (LA) o linfoma (L) diagnosticados y tratados en el Hospital Clínico Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile y Hospital Dr. Sótero del Río en Santiago, desde abril de 2010 hasta enero de 2012. Resultados: Se reclutaron 130 pacientes que presentaron 105 episodios de NF, con incidencia de 0,65 por 100 días de observación, mayor en LA que en L (1,31 vs 0,25, p: 0,001), documentándose etiología o foco infeccioso en 67 (63,8%) de los episodios, con 33 (31,4%) IBI y 21 (20%) IFI. Hubo mortalidad relacionada a infección en 4 (6,2%) pacientes. Conclusiones: Se define la incidencia de NF (LA > L) y frecuencia de IBI e IFI durante el episodio (LA > L). Es necesario evaluar el impacto de intervenciones destinadas a disminuir la incidencia de NF, entre las que se debe incluir el beneficio y riesgo del uso sistemático de profilaxis antibacteriana y antifúngica en los subgrupos de mayor riesgo.

Demência e transtorno cognitivo leve (CCL) é uma entidade clínica cada vez mais prevalente, mostrando uma incidência crescente com a idade. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi o de identificar os principais tipos de demência e CCL tratados em uma unidade de transtornos da memória de Costa Rica. MÉTODOS: Um registo consecutivo e padronizado de pacientes com diagnóstico de demência e CCL na unidade de transtorno de memória do Hospital Geral de Geriatria e Gerontologia. RESULTADOS: Demência foi diagnosticada em 63,5% dos 3.572 casos, enquanto 10,6% tiveram diagnóstico de CCL. O tipo mais frequente de demência foi a doença de Alzheimer (47,1%), seguido de doença vascular (28,9%), formas mistas (17,2%) e outros tipos (6,8%). No CCL, 69,5% eram de tipo amnéstico de múltiplos domínios e 14,3% eram não-amnéstcios de múltiplos domínios, enquanto 41,3% eram de etiologia vascular e 35,8% de etiologia neurodegenerativa. A média de idade foi de 79,6±6,7 anos e 64,7% eram mulheres em casos de demência ao passo que a média de idade foi de 76,4±6,9 anos e 62,1% eram mulheres nos casos de CCL. A média de anos de estudo foi de 4,95±4,09 anos e 6,87±4,71, o tempo entre o início dos sintomas eo diagnóstico clínico médio foi de 3,2±2,6 anos e 2,67±2,69 anos em demência e CCL, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A determinação dos principais tipos de demência e CCL na Costa Rica e as suas principais características permitiu o registro de informação abundante que era desconhecida e que será útil para a gestão e planejamento estratégico da saúde pública.

Dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are an increasingly prevalent clinical entity in our field, showing an increasing incidence with age. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify the main types of dementia and MCI treated in a memory disorders unit in Costa Rica. METHODS: A consecutive and standardized register of patients diagnosed with dementia and MCI at the memory disorders unit of the National Geriatrics and Gerontology Hospital (NGGH) was analyzed. RESULTS: Dementia was diagnosed in 63.5% of the 3572 cases, whereas 10.6% met criteria for MCI. The most frequent type of dementia was Alzheimer's disease (47.1%), followed by vascular pathology (28.9%), mixed forms (17.2%) and other types (6.8%). In MCI, 69.5% were of amnestic multiple domain type and 14.3% were non-amnestic multiple domain, while 41.3% were of vascular and 35.8% of neurodegenerative etiology. Mean age was 79.6±6.7 years and 64.7% were women in dementia cases whereas mean age was 76.4±6.9 years and 62.1% were women in MCI. Mean years of schooling was 4.95±4.09 years and 6.87±4.71, while mean time between onset of symptoms and clinical diagnosis was 3.2±2.6 years and 2.67±2.69 years, in dementia and MCI, respectively. CONCLUSION: The determination of the main types of dementia and MCI in Costa Rica and their main features has allowed the registration of comprehensive, hitherto unavailable information that will be useful for the management and strategic planning of public health care.

Acute keratoconus in children results from a rupture in Descemt membrane, followed by leakage of aquous humor toward the inner corneal of the stroma, which causes enlargement, opaqueness, and edematous noise in the corneal epithelium, the frequency rate of acute keratoconus with penetrating keratoplasty throuhg early treatment of progressive keratoconus with penetrating keratopasty. This paper reports on two cases of acute keratoconus in children by discussing the clinical features of such an entity.

El queratocono agudo es el resultado de la ruptura de la membrana de Descemet, seguido de la penetración del humor acuoso hacia el interior del estroma corneal, provoca engrosamiento, opacificación y aparición de bullas edematosas en el epitelio corneal. La frecuencia del queratocono agudo ha disminuido notablemente en los últimos tiempos gracias a la precocidad de la indicación de la queratoplastia penetrante en el tratamiento del queratocono progresivo. En el presente trabajo se reportan dos casos de queratocono agudos en niños, y se discuten las características clínicas de esta enfermedad.

A study in a family carrier of corneal degeneration in lattice was performed .After the original case, three more and a suspencions were detected. A perforating keratoplasty in one eye was carried out in one of these diagnosed. Two cases for the same surgical procedure were pending. The international effective classification was updated, and the topic was reviewed with the poor bibliography found. National references about family studies in this disease were not found.

Se realiza estudio en familia portadora de degeneración corneal, se detectan además del caso original tres comprobados y uno sospechoso. A uno de los diagnosticados se le realizó queratoplastia perforante en un ojo, quedaron pendientes del mismo proceder quirúrgico dos casos. Se actualizó la clasificación internacional vigente y se realizó revisión del tema. No encontramos referencias nacionales sobre estudios familiares en esta enfermedad.

Gonococcic conjunctivitis is an ancient and known acute disease of ocular anexa with a severe complication, the corneal perforation. It is practically ignored because of its low frequency of occurrence. Suddenly, it reappears in our territory since the end of 1994 sporadically; and in 1995 strikes our population as 25 years ago, the period that we did not observe it. With this study we try to alert the health system and state its reapparition in our environment and its management, report its clinical characteristics in our cases and explain its complications. We carried out a prospective study in 22 first assisted patients, investigating characteristics of them. We found high frequency of conjunctivitis together with uretritis. The disease was observed mainly in rural areas. The clinical picture presented was very interesting with great palpebral and conjunctival swelling, and abundant purulent secretions.The causing agent was isolated in all cases and important complications were established as corneal perforation and endophthalmities. The therapeutic response adequately proved was to parenteral Rocephin and we found certain delay in the management of cases before arriving to our health center; as well as delay in the establishment of hospital treatment.

La Conjuntivitis Gonocócica constituye una antigua y conocida enfermedad grave de los anexos oculares con una temible complicación, la perforación corneal, prácticamente olvidada por la gran cantidad de años en que dejamos de observarla. Sorpresivamente la vemos reaparecer en nuestro territorio desde los finales de 1994 de forma esporádica, y en el 1995 azota nuestra población como hacía 25 años no se había observado por lo que con nuestro trabajo pretendemos alertar al Sistema de Salud y exponer la reaparición de esta enfermedad en nuestro medio y su manejo, reportar las características clínicas de esta enfermedad en nuestros casos y exponer sus complicaciones. Realizamos un estudio prospectivo de los 22 primeros pacientes atendidos por nosotros investigando las características de ellos. Encontramos alta frecuencia de la conjuntivitis conjuntamente con la uretritis, se observó más la enfermedad en áreas rurales, el cuadro clínico presentado fue muy florido con gran inflamación palpebral y conjuntival, secreciones purulentas abundantes. Fue aislado el agente causal en todos los casos y se constataron complicaciones importantes como la perforación corneal y endoftalmitis, la respuesta terapéutica que constatamos adecuada fue al Rocephin parenteral y encontramos cierta demora en el manejo de los casos antes de llegar a nuestro Centro, así como atraso en instituirle el tratamiento hospitalario.

Various Cuban institutions are working in the development of drugs from bagasse lignin. The present paper describes the results obtained in the evaluation of a medical preparation (chemical derivative of alkaline lingnin), registered as LIGMED-A, an antidiarrheal drug for veterinary use. It is the first of a series of products under study, which has enterosorbent properties and has proved to be effective in the treatment of stomach and intestinal disorders in the different animals. Also, it has demonstrated germicidal power and capacity of trap free radicals.

Diversas instituciones de la República de Cuba trabajan en el desarrollo de fármacos a partir de preparados de lignina de bagazo. El presente reporte describe los resultados obtenidos en la evaluación de un preparado medicinal (derivado químico de la lignina alcalina de bagazo), registrado bajo el nombre de LIGMED-A; antidiarreico para uso veterinario y primero de una serie de productos en estudio, el cual tiene propiedades enterosorbentes, resultando ser efectivo en el tratamiento de trastornos del estómago y el intestino de distintas especies animales, además ha demostrado su capacidad germicida y su poder atrapador de radicales libres.